4. Phytochemicals and natural products targeting coronaviruses
Natural products can inhibit various steps in viral infection and replication, and many of them have broad-spectrum antiviral effects, the mechanisms of which have not been fully characterized. They also can function as immunomodulators, suppressing inflammatory reaction responsible for the major morbidity and mortality of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Phytochemicals, especially flavonoids, which are widely distributed in food plants and botanicals, have been shown to interfere with NLRP3 inflammasome signaling [128]. The respiratory distress syndrome associated with SARS coronaviruses develops in part due to viral activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome within activated macrophages and T helper-1 lymphocytes, which causes increased production of inflammatory cytokines [129]. Several flavonoids that interfere with activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome may modulate inflammatory response to SARS beta coronaviruses: luteolin [130], myricetin [131], apigenin [132], quercetin [133] kaempferol [134], baicalin [135], and wogonoside [136]. These flavonoids have been shown to be active against a wide variety of viruses, via multiple mechanisms [137,138], and are available as nutraceutical supplements at a daily dose ranging from 100 mg to 500 mg. (This is the link to this article): https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjiw_K_ov7qAhVGR60KHR0SDTQQFjACegQIBhAM&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7189851%2F&usg=AOvVaw0lwodDYeWSPstO3YUesJFb
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